Effects of education upon child schooling and cognitive development: The Indirect Effects of Investment in Human Capital
Effects of education upon child schooling and cognitive development: The Indirect Effects of Investment in Human Capital
perform better in school and in some cases may earn higher incomes in adulthood. For example, a
study of Kenya and Tanzania compared the probability of manufacturing workers having completed
lower secondary schooling as a function of the education of their parents. In Kenya those entering
school around 1960 were predicted to have a 21% chance of completing lower secondary if both their
parents were uneducated and an 83% chance if one of their parent had at least secondary education
and the other at least primary education. The figures were similar Tanzania. Since most secondary
schools at that time were state schools, where access was rationed by performance in the primary-leaving examination, these figures also suggest large differentials in academic performance by parental
education. More recent research drawing upon data from Kenya in 1993, also found a large differential
in performance on the primary-leaving examination - around half of which was explained by the different
local neighbourhoods and primary schools which children from different educational backgrounds
attended (Appleton, 1995b).
These results suggest that educating one generation will have favourable effects both on the cognitive
skills and the health of the next. They also imply that there may be a “ratchet effect” to educational
expansions: parents may be reluctant to see their children obtaining less education than they received.
Investments in health also have long-term dynamic intergenerational effects, which are partly biological.
Consequently, a mother’s nutrition affects the health not only of her children, but of her daughter’s
children. Compared to much physical capital, human capital is long-lived and more irreversible: if people
are not given adequate nutrition, health care and education in childhood, this is will have consequences
that cannot be remedied in adulthood. For these reasons, investments in human capital cannot be put
off until economic conditions are better.
Human Capital and Economic Development
Simon Appleton and Francis Teal
Effects of education upon child schooling and cognitive development The Indirect Effects of Investment in Human Capital - To learn more about this author, visit African Development Bank's Website.
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Children are typically more likely to go to school if their parents are educated. They also tend to
perform better in school and in some cases may earn higher incomes in adulthood. For example, a
study of Kenya and Tanzania compared the probability of manufacturing workers having completed
lower secondary schooling as a function of the education of their parents. In Kenya those entering
school around 1960 were predicted to have a 21% chance of completing lower secondary if both their
parents were uneducated and an 83% chance if one of their parent had at least secondary education
and the other at least primary education. The figures were similar Tanzania. Since most secondary
schools at that time were state schools, where access was rationed by performance in the primary-leaving examination, these figures also suggest large differentials in academic performance by parental
education. More recent research drawing upon data from Kenya in 1993, also found a large differential
in performance on the primary-leaving examination - around half of which was explained by the different
local neighbourhoods and primary schools which children from different educational backgrounds
attended (Appleton, 1995b).
These results suggest that educating one generation will have favourable effects both on the cognitive
skills and the health of the next. They also imply that there may be a “ratchet effect” to educational
expansions: parents may be reluctant to see their children obtaining less education than they received.
Investments in health also have long-term dynamic intergenerational effects, which are partly biological.
Consequently, a mother’s nutrition affects the health not only of her children, but of her daughter’s
children. Compared to much physical capital, human capital is long-lived and more irreversible: if people
are not given adequate nutrition, health care and education in childhood, this is will have consequences
that cannot be remedied in adulthood. For these reasons, investments in human capital cannot be put
off until economic conditions are better.
Human Capital and Economic Development
Simon Appleton and Francis Teal
Effects of education upon child schooling and cognitive development The Indirect Effects of Investment in Human Capital - To learn more about this author, visit African Development Bank's Website.
Like this article? Share it with your friends
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John PowerJohn Power, founder of Biltmore Franchise Consulting, has extensive experience developing and marketing franchises and business opportunities. He has been in and around franchising for over twenty years. From 1980 through 1990 he conceptualized, organized, and developed the American Video Association. He grew AVA to 2,000 national members, before selling the company it 1990. It was later merged into another home video marketing company. From 2000 to 2005 he worked as a contract marketing and human resources consultant to several local and national companies. In 2005 Mr. Power began working as a franchise development consultant on a full-time basis. Since that time he has helped more than three dozen companies initiate and develop their franchising program. He notes that there are many companies interested in developing a franchise program, and who need his specialized assistance. Mr. Power is a “hands-on” franchise consultant. He said, “I am the ‘nuts and bolts’ person who tends to the details for my clients.” Mr. Power holds a B.S. degree with a major in Marketing. See: www.biltmorefranchise.com You may contact Mr. Power at: jpower@biltmorefranchise.co - Visit John Power's Website |
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John BrennanJohn Brennan Ed.D. Dr. Brennan is President of Interpersonal Development, LLC, a training and development firm. Interpersonal Development has provided sales training and coaching to more than 3,000 sales reps from over 100 companies. A native of Australia, Dr. Brennan received his doctorate from the University of Rochester. His dissertation researched the effectiveness of Behavioral Modeling Technology in training people in interpersonal skills. While he has spent most of his career designing or delivering training, he was also a Vice-President of Sales of a training and development franchise with operations in 25 markets. Dr. Brennan has designed and delivered sales training in North America, Asia, Europe, Australia and the Middle East. He has been a guest speaker at numerous national and regional professional conferences. When Microsoft wanted Best Practices articles on sales for their web site, they called Dr. Brennan. The results are at http://office.microsoft.com/en-us/FX011387391033.aspx His firm’s clients have included Volvo, The Prudential, Merrill Lynch, Eastman Kodak, Gannett, Equifax Europe, the Economist Group and countless small businesses. - Visit John Brennan's Website |
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Leanne Hoagland-SmithAre your sales where you want them to be? Will you be one of the few who achieves sales or business success or one of the many who have failed to change? Are you tired of being told you are like everyone else? Then you may find my first book on sales of interest. Be the Red Jacket in the Sea of Gray Suits, The Keys to Unlocking Sales available at Amazon or at http://www.processspecialist.com/red-jacket.htm. This book is a reflection of my no-nonsense approach to improving sales to overall business results. If you are truly committed to making sustainable changes, then I can help you secure a positive return on your investment because I focus on executable solutions not telling you the problems you already know you have. From training to corporate (group) coaching to executive one on one coaching, my approach is to assess, create awareness, build a goal driven action plan and then execute. The bottom line question is "Not do you or your employees know it, but do you or they want to do it?" Please call for a free strategy session at 219.759.5601. - Visit Leanne Hoagland-Smith's Website |
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George LudwigGeorge Ludwig is a recognized authority on sales strategy and peak performance psychology. An international speaker, trainer, and corporate consultant, he helps clients like Johnson & Johnson, Abbott Laboratories, Northwestern Mutual, CIGNA, and numerous others improve sales force effectiveness and performance. Though it's George's strategies and processes that help corporations increase productivity and performance, it's his tremendous energy and dynamism that spark the transformation. Again and again, clients remark on his amazing ability to unleash human capacity and inspire men and women to break out of their comfort zones. The result is a whole new type of salesperson. His customized presentations teach achievers to make stunning advances in their lives. From helping salespeople realize cherished dreams to helping corporations exponentially accelerate revenue streams, George Ludwig leaves audiences and individuals empowered, emboldened, and clamoring for more. George is the best-selling author of Power Selling: Seven Strategies for Cracking the Sales Code and Wise Moves: 60 Quick Tips to Improve Your Position in Life & Business. - Visit George Ludwig's Website |
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Jay Kubassek(Jay's Full Bio: EvanCarmichael.com/jaykubassek) In five years, Canadian-born entrepreneur Jay Kubassek went from selling mufflers at a Midas franchise to revolutionizing Internet marketing with the 2004 launch of CarbonCopyPRO, a online marketing education company, now worth over $20 million with customers in over 160 countries.
As an independent film producer, his upstart film fund Aliquot Films is currently producing a films with Spike Lee and Abel Fererra (starring Ethan Hawke and Dennis Hopper.)
Jay's entrepreneurial spirit is irrepressible. He’s the owner of five companies, a professional speaker and trainer, international real estate developer/investor, extreme sport enthusiast and emerging philanthropist. Jay resides in NYC with his wife Jamie, son Milo and dog Cooper. Visit Jay's official website: www.JayKubassek.com - Visit Jay Kubassek's Website |
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Dave KurlanDave Kurlan is the founder and CEO of Objective Management Group, Inc., the industry leader in sales assessments and sales force evaluations, and the CEO of David Kurlan & Associates, Inc., a consulting firm specializing in sales force development. Dave has been a top rated speaker at Inc. Magazine's Conference on Growing the Company, the Sales & Marketing Management Conference and the Gazelles Sales & Marketing Summit. He has been featured on radio and TV, including World Business Review with General Norman Schwarzkopf, in Inc. Magazine, Selling Power Magazine, Sales & Marketing Management Magazine and Incentive Magazine. He is the author of Mindless Selling and Baseline Selling – How to Become a Sales Superstar by Using What You Already Know about the Game of Baseball. He created and wrote STAR, a proprietary recruiting process for hiring great salespeople, and he writes Understanding the Sales Force, a popular business Blog and is a contributing author to The Death of 20th Century Selling and 101 Great Ways to Improve Your Life, Volume 2. - Visit Dave Kurlan's Website |
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David AchesonDavid Acheson is the founder of DCJA Consultancy. DCJA Consultancy is a management consultancy business specialising in B2B sales consultancy. They offer bespoke and packaged sales consultancy including Sales Optimisation Review, Interim Sales Management, Sales & Marketing Review, 1:1 Sales & Management Staff Analysis, Management Training, Solution Sales Training, Creation of New Pay Plan, KPI's, run Customer Feedback Campaigns, assist with Recruitment, Coaching, Appraisals and set up Strategic Marketing Campaigns. David spent his early career in accountancy and then moved into sales in 1982, working in Office Equipment, IT, Advertising, Training, Outsourcing and Consultancy. He has held many Senior Positions in SMBs and Global Organisations including Head of Sales Operations & Head of Business Development. His knowledge, skills and great experience of the Sales Industry has led to David making keynote speeches and running educational sessions to key businesses through organisations including The Chamber of Commerce and Business Link. - Visit David Acheson's Website |
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Linda RichardsonLinda Richardson is the Founder and Executive Chairwoman of Richardson, a global sales training and performance improvement company. As a recognized leader in the industry, she has won the coveted Stevie Award for Lifetime Achievement in Sales Excellence and she was identified by Training Industry, Inc. as one of the “Top 20 Most Influential Training Professionals.” Ms. Richardson is credited with the movement to Consultative Selling and is the author of ten books on selling and sales management, including Sales Coaching — Making the Great Leap from Sales Manager to Sales Coach, and Stop Telling, Start Selling. She teaches sales and management at the Wharton Graduate School of the University of Pennsylvania and the Wharton Executive Development Center. Linda is a frequent speaker at industry and client conferences, has been published extensively in industry and training journals, and has been featured in numerous publications, including The Wall Street Journal, Forbes, Nation’s Business, Selling Power, Success, and The Conference Board Magazine. Learn more about Richardson's sales training and performance improvement solutions at http://www.richardson.com web - Visit Linda Richardson's Website |
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