An often-mentioned problem of developing countries’ agricultural export has been the lack of access to developed countries' markets, due to the institution of a myriad of import controls and other restrictions. This has largely undermined the growth prospects of developing countries whose development strategy relied on agricultural exports. In the WTO Agreement, developed country members, have agreed to take fully into account the particular needs and conditions of developing country members by providing for a greater improvement of opportunities and terms of access for agricultural products of particular interest to those members, including the fullest liberalization of trade in tropicalagricultural products..., and for products of particular importance to the diversification of product from the growing of illicit narcotic crops.
Market access concessions relate to bindings and reductions of tariffs and to other market access commitments as specified in the WTO Agreement. The agreement further provides that members shall not maintain, resort to, or revert to any measures of the kind which have been required to be converted into ordinary customs duties. These measures include quantitative import restrictions, variable import levies, minimum import prices, discretionary import, licensing, non-tariff measures maintained through state-trading enterprises, voluntary export restraints and similar border measures other than ordinary custom duties. This is contained in Article 4 of the Agreement on Agriculture.
African Development Bank Economic Research Working Paper Series Enhancing Africa’s Trade: From Marginalization to an Export-Led Approach to Development Milton A. Iyoha Professor, Department of Economics & Statistics University of Benin, Nigeria Economic Research Working Paper No 77 (August 2005)
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