Women in the MSE sector face a number of serious obstacles. Among these are:
gender-blind or gender-insensitive macroeconomic policies; complex tax policies and compliance procedures; gender-based inequalities in employment policies and regulations; complex business registration and licensing procedures for the smallest micro-enterprises (where the majority of women are found); lack of cultural acceptance for the role of entrepreneurship for women; limited access to appropriate business premises; limited access to BDS; lack of collateral due to property ownership practices; lack of access to term loans and sufficient working capital to meet their needs (the gap between the micro-finance ceiling and the minimum loan requirements of banks); and the limited organizational and management capacity among women’s advocacy groups (UDEC, 2002). In addition, women face a number of gender-related problems: a lack of property rights over assets; lack of confidence in women by bank officers; discouragement from men when starting or formalizing businesses; social restrictions regarding networking with men in business; and suppliers sometimes insisting that they deal with the entrepreneur’s husband when decisions are being made (ILO, 2003).
The UDEC (2002) report divided women entrepreneurs into three groups, depending on the structure and size of their enterprises, and noted that each of these groups faces a slightly different set of constraints (see Figure 2). Consequently, each segment would require different kinds of assistance and special interventions to address their unique constraints.
This pyramidal structure is similar to the ones constructed for the Ethiopia and Kenya country chapters. The vast majority of women in Tanzania operate in the informal economy, employing only themselves; a smaller number operate as formal microenterprises, and a very small number operate as small enterprises. What is clear is that the larger the size of the enterprise, the fewer the women in it.
To learn more about this author, visit International Labour Organization's Website.
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As the world's only tripartite
multilateral agency, the ILO is dedicated
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people.
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