4.1.1 Survival enterprises: The demand for training
4.1.1 Survival enterprises: The demand for training
Faced with so little scope for improvement among existing activities, more 'transformative' approaches have often been tried by both governments and NGOs. The main objective here is to provide a critical mass of skills and resources to targeted individuals and groups that will enable them to transform their livelihoods. Again, however, most interventions of this kind have not been successful mainly because the resources and time needed to start new enterprises are well beyond the means of the poorest and, more generally, they have failed to address adequately the complex array of constraints that keep the poor in poverty.
EMPLOYMENT AND TRAINING
PAPERS
43
Learning to change: Skills
development among the
economically vulnerable and
socially excluded in
developing countries
Paul Bennell
Employment and Training Department
International Labour Office Geneva
First published 1999
411 Survival enterprises The demand for training - To learn more about this author, visit International Labour Organization's Website.
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Free Download - 7.6 ILO Convention No. 142 and Recommendation No. 150 By International Labour Organization |
In simple numerical terms, 'survival' enterprises predominate in most informal sectors. The general view is that the skill requirements for most tasks undertaken in this type of enterprise are minimal and/or are relatively easily acquired on the job. Women are particularly heavily concentrated in very low skill activities (most notably street vendors and food preparation). It is difficult, therefore, to see how conventional training services could significantly increase productivity and/or incomes in these kinds of occupations. "Within the household subsector and independent services subsector, training, in itself, has little impact in breaking the low income trap" (ILO, 1998: 103). In addition, "economic compulsions" and "acute vulnerability on a daily basis" keep the poor (and poor women, in particular) out of conventional training. Although most labour force surveys show high levels of "under-employment", most poor people are, in fact, too busy working to have time to enrol on training courses of any kind.
Faced with so little scope for improvement among existing activities, more 'transformative' approaches have often been tried by both governments and NGOs. The main objective here is to provide a critical mass of skills and resources to targeted individuals and groups that will enable them to transform their livelihoods. Again, however, most interventions of this kind have not been successful mainly because the resources and time needed to start new enterprises are well beyond the means of the poorest and, more generally, they have failed to address adequately the complex array of constraints that keep the poor in poverty.
EMPLOYMENT AND TRAINING
PAPERS
43
Learning to change: Skills
development among the
economically vulnerable and
socially excluded in
developing countries
Paul Bennell
Employment and Training Department
International Labour Office Geneva
First published 1999
411 Survival enterprises The demand for training - To learn more about this author, visit International Labour Organization's Website.
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