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References: Learning to change: Skills development among the economically vulnerable and socially excluded in developing countries

References

7.6 ILO Convention No. 142 and Recommendation No. 150

The International Labour Convention No.142 and Recommendation No. 150 concerning Human Resources Development, which deal with vocational guidance and vocational training in the development of human resources, are the key ILO policy statements on VET.

7.5.6 Women and disabled persons: Institutional design and capacity building

Increasing female enrolments in secondary and tertiary education is critically important, especially in subject areas that have been traditionally male dominated and where long-term occupational prospects are more promising.

7.5.5 Vocationalising the school curriculum: Institutional design and capacity building

Vocationalisation of the school curriculum will continue to appeal to politicians and policymakers as an appropriate way of promoting productive self-employment and thereby reducing poverty, especially in rural areas.

7.5.4 The role of public sector training institutions: Institutional design and capacity building

Many believe that public sector training institutions are intrinsically unable to support the training needs of the poor and disadvantaged and that, for this reason, primary reliance should be placed on NGOs and other private sector training institutions.

7.5.3 Public sector services for the poor: Institutional design and capacity building

Within the public sector as well, concerted efforts need to be made to improve the pre- and in-service training of all personnel who are directly involved in facilitating knowledge dissemination and skills development among the poor.

7.5.2 Social capital, community organisations and NGOs: Institutional design and capacity building

Another key issue is that most of the poor do not have access to the wider social networks that are usually needed to sustain new enterprises. Since enterprise creation is fundamentally a social rather than a technical process, appropriate steps must be taken to create and nurture social networks. A closely related concern is the need to develop 'industrial clusters' within the informal sector (see Schmitz, 1997).

7.5.1 Institutional specialisation: Institutional design and capacity building

The debate about specialist training versus multi-purpose organisations offering a range of services to the poor is still unresolved.

7.4.4 Donors

In poor, aid-dependent countries, the likelihood of pro-poor training strategies being introduced will depend very heavily on the policies and practices of their main donor partners. Unless, therefore, donors are prepared to concentrate the bulk of their assistance on poverty reduction as well as change their policies on VET, the prospects for the implementation of pro-poor training strategies are seriously reduced in most of these countries.

7.4.3 Funding

The poor do not have the resources to pay for their own training. The experience of nearly twenty years of structural adjustment has conclusively demonstrated that merely 'getting prices' and creating the appropriate enabling environment' for farmers and microenterprises is not sufficient in order to ensure a strong 'supply response'.

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As the world's only tripartite multilateral agency, the ILO is dedicated to bringing decent work and livelihoods, job-related security and better living standards to the people of both poor and rich countries. It helps to attain those goals by promoting rights at work, encouraging opportunities for decent employment, enhancing social protection and strengthening dialogue on work-related issues. The ILO is the international meeting place for the world of work. We are the experts on work and employment and particularly on the critical role that these issues play in bringing about economic development and progress. At the heart of our mission is helping countries build the institutions that are the bulwarks of democracy and to help them become accountable to the people. The ILO formulates international labour standards in the form of Conventions and Recommendations setting minimum standards of basic labour rights: freedom of association, the right to organize, collective bargaining, abolition of forced labour, equality of opportunity and treatment and other standards addressing conditions across the entire spectrum of work-related issues.
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